Tag Archives: Georgia Cemeteries

Catholic Cemetery, 1853, Savannah

Savannah’s Catholic Cemetery was established by Bishop Francis Xavier Gartland (1805-1854) in 1853 when local politicians denied the congregation’s request for a specially consecrated section in Laurel Grove. An eight-acre purchase on the grounds of the former Rhinehart Plantation was the genesis of this large park-like necropolis. Many remains first buried in Colonial Park were re-interred here, which explains the memorials which predate the existence of the Catholic Cemetery. Surprisingly, this property is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places. While Bonaventure, Colonial Park, and the Laurel Grove cemeteries get scores of visitors, the Catholic Cemetery is often overlooked.

After the surrender of Savannah to General Sherman’s troops on 23 November 1864, Union soldiers encamped here for a time and are known to have desecrated graves. Some of these were restored in 1867 after pleas by Bishop Augustin Verot to President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Several additions have expanded the cemetery over the years.

The memorials and monuments depicted here are presented in no particular order, and I will add more images in the future.

Prince – He loved his master

It’s rare to see pets buried in human cemeteries. Prince, a beloved companion of Patrick Hagan (1843-1912), is one of the most sought-out and photographed monuments in the Catholic Cemetery.

This depiction of a welcoming Christ graces a Buttimer family plot and is located near the cemetery entrance.

Joseph Truchelut (1769-1826)

This is one of two memorials for Joseph Truchelut, a native of Rehon, France. He was originally buried in Colonial Park and re-interred here in the 1850s.

Kennedy family

This grotto, the only vernacular memorial I found in the Catholic Cemetery, is located beside the grave of Frank Kennedy.

Mary Raffial (1816-1859)

Mary Raffial was born in St. Augustine and died in Savannah in 1859. The willow seen on her headstone was a common theme in Victorian funerary art, representing sorrow and the acceptance of loss.

Hugh Cullens (unknown-1861) & family

This was the Hugh Cullens family vault. Cullens was a native of Ireland. Brick mausoleums of this design were popular in mid-19th century Savannah.

John Cass (1807-1859) & family

John Cass was an Irish immigrant. His obituary in the Savannah Morning News noted: “…Mr. Cass was, at the time of his death, the proprietor of the City Hotel, and Vice President of the Hibernian Society. His remains were followed to the grave…by the Chatham Artillery, members of the Hibernian Society, and a large concourse of citizens.”

James Monahan (unknown-1879) & family

This is another typical 19th-century mausoleum design found in various Savannah cemeteries, with stacked granite and marble trim. Mr. Monahan was a private in Olmstead’s 1st Georgia Infantry during the Civil War.

William Doody (1818-1873) & family

This mausoleum was installed in 1906. William Doody was an Irish immigrant.

Dempsey family

This Gothic Steeple monument is unique in the Catholic Cemetery, though the style can be found in other historic Savannah locations.

John Rourke, Sr. (1837-1932) & family

John Rourke, Sr., immigrated to America from County Wicklow, Ireland. His wife, Johanna Reedy Rourke (1845-1940), was from County Limerick.

John Jasper Rourke (1879-1879) & Mary Frances Rourke (1874-1880)

A cherub and cross mark the final resting place of two of John and Johanna Rourke’s children.

Capt. John Flannery (1835-1910) & family

John Flannery was an Irish immigrant, born in Nenagh, County Tipperary, who became one of the most prominent citizens of Savannah. The captain of the Irish Jasper Greens, he was beloved by his fellow soldiers and remained active in commemorations and parades honoring their service well into old age. He organized and served as president of the Southern Bank, which later merged with the Citizens Bank to become the Citizens and Southern Bank (C&S).

Capt. John Flannery monument (detail)

His monumental memorial, featuring a depiction of the crucified Christ, is among the most notable in the Catholic Cemetery.

Irish Jasper Greens monument (detail)


This Confederate soldier, standing atop a much taller base, memorializes the 28 members of the Irish Jasper Greens who died during the Civil War. It was erected in 1910.

Joseph Francis O’Brien (1867-1928) and Agnes L. Fitzgerald O’Brien (1872-1904)

These cross memorials are quite impressive, and larger than they appear in the photograph.

Francis James “Frank” Bohan (1871-1900)

This Celtic cross features the name “Frank” at the center.

Eliza C. Brown Johnston (1847-1908)

A memorial published on the anniversary of Mrs. Johnston’s death in the Savannah Morning News on 15 March 1909 noted: “…Mrs. Johnston worked as a trained nurse under Dr. James B. Read for twenty-four years and, before the era of the professional trained nurse, was considered the best nurse that Savannah could boast of. She was noted for her many deeds of charity and cared as tenderly for those who could give no reward as if they were the wealthiest in the land…” Mrs. Johnston was a native of Charleston.

James J. Paul (1893-1904)

The lamb is a typical symbol on the graves of children. This memorial was created by Savannah’s most accomplished monument maker, John Walz.

John Feeley (1834-1892)

This sarcophagus-style memorial features elements of the Egyptian Revival.

Natalie Caroline Bettelini Maggioni (1854-1915)

Mrs. Maggioni was a Swiss immigrant of Italian ancestry. Her memorial is quite beautiful.

Drury-McDonald Memorial with John Waltz cherubs

Those familiar with Savannah cemeteries are likely aware of the work of John Walz. He is perhaps best known for his cherubs.

Drury-McDonald Memorial with John Waltz cherubs

These cherubs are often located at the corners of small pillar stones and are quite distinctive.

Drury-McDonald Memorial with John Waltz cherubs

They survive in various conditions.

Joseph Pelli (1844-1913) & family

This memorial features a depiction of the Pietà.

Fogarty family plot

Christ depicted with the Crown of Thorns is but a small part of this memorial, but quite poignant.

Lula Margaret Smith (1861-1897)

The angel in a grotto adorning the gravesite of Lula Margaret Smith was created by John Walz.

Katie Walker McGuire (1865-1954)

The Sacred Heart of Jesus is one of the most common symbols in Catholic iconography and is often depicted as pierced or flaming, surrounded by thorns.

Oden Memorials in Bone Cemetery, 1981, Milledgeville

Bone Cemetery was established by Russel G. Bone in the 1940s, in one of Milledgeville’s historic Black neighborhoods. The most notable memorials are these moving tributes to the Oden family. They are part of the larger Collier-Oden plot, and are located at the feet of commercially manufactured granite slabs. William T. Collier, was an Army veteran of World War I, the organizer and first commander of American Legion Post 523, and a prominent brick mason.

This 6-foot anchor may be the most impressive of the three concrete memorials.

Ralph Oden (1951-1969)

It identifies Ralph and Ruth Oden.

Ruth Oden (1908-1955)

I’m not sure what the “S” indicates.

“Son”, on this point of the anchor, may be another reference to Ruth’s son, Ralph.

This is one of two five-pointed stars. The lower points of both are buried slightly into the concrete within the plot. Considering that family members were brick masons, one of them was likely the maker of these memorials. The inscription reads: Memory – Marguerite – Ruth – Builder – Bro. Lo. Ruth’s name appears again, but I can’t connect the others.

Lorenzo William Oden (1909-1988)

The stars are about 3 or 4 feet tall, much larger than any others I’ve encountered. This one bears the inscription: 1981 – Warren Honor Clyde – Grant General – Lorenzo. I believe 1981 is the year that these were made. Lorenzo Oden was married to Gladys Collier, daughter of William T. Collier. He was a Carpenter’s Mate Third Class in World War II, and was also a master brick mason. He was a life member of Bricklayers Union #3 and American Legion Post 523.

Sandy Grove AME Cemetery, Warren County

I’m posting the Sandy Grove AME Cemetery separate from the church and schoolhouse, due to the number of images. Like many rural cemeteries, it is kept up as best it can be. Small rural congregations of all races have dwindled greatly in the last generation, presenting a major challenge to the upkeep and survival of these landmarks. Cemeteries are avoided by many people. I consider them not only sacred spaces for obvious reasons, but works of art that invite quite contemplation.

Wilmon Shurley (1905-1983)

The memorials in Sandy Grove represent a variety of styles, from vernacular to commercial. These are presented in no particular order.

Wesley Rogers (1858-1924)

It’s highly likely that Mr. Rogers was born into slavery. Simple memorials like his are the most vulnerable to the elements and should all be documented.

William H. Brown (?-1945) and Fannie H. Brown (?-1943)

There are a number of commercial memorials in Sandy Grove, as well. This example notes when Mr. and Mrs. Brown passed, but I didn’t locate either of their birth dates.

Dawson Rivers (1838-1924) and Francis “Fannie” Aldridge Rivers (1849-1932)

Dawson and Fannie Rivers were both from mixed racial backgrounds and were prominent members of Sandy Grove. They had 14 children.

Nancy Francis Neely (1889-1918)

Memorials of this type are commonly found in rural cemeteries, and I enjoy documenting them. They add symbolic images to otherwise simple stenciled markers and are thus surrogates for the more costly commercial markers.

Lovie Ruff (1886-1917)

Sometimes, the names of those honored are their most fascinating legacy.

Benjamin Walker (1918-1918)

The lamb is often used on children’s gravestones.

D. C. Rogers (1915-1975) – Memorial by Eldren Bailey

I always document the work of Eldren Bailey when I find it. This and the next example were acquired through the Dawson Funeral Home.

Henry C. Murray (1916-1973) – Memorial by Eldren Bailey

Funeral homes acted as agents for Mr. Bailey’s work, I understand, and as a result various names appear on these iconic memorials.

Louise Howard (1876-1942)

The concrete markers with stenciled text are among the most commonly found types in many rural cemeteries. A sentiment is often added. On Mrs. Howard’s, it is: “Death is the Crown of Life”.

Willie Howard (1874-1953)

Mr. Howard’s epitaph is informative: “Servant of God 38 Years”.

Mary D. Rivers (1882-1947)

Mrs. Rivers’s memorial is quite typical, in contrast to her husband’s (below).

John Rivers (1871-1939)

Mr. Rivers’s headstone incorporates a triangle enclosing a mosaic of green and brown glass shards. Triangles can represent the Trinity in Christianity but also have Masonic connections. It’s impossible to discern from this photograph, but there is a small circle inside the triangle with rays radiating from its center. This may represent the Eye of God.

Mt. Zion Missionary Baptist Church Cemetery, Hancock County

Mt. Zion’s historic cemetery is quite large and situated on hilly terrain. There is a nice variety of memorials, including many modern commercial types, but mixed among them are quite a few vernacular types, including these local granite stones. The names of the decedents are long lost.

Jeff Mapp (1900-1973)

This is one of several markers by Eldren Bailey found in Mt. Zion. This one has been painted white and was purchased through the Houston Funeral Home.

Willis James

I believe this is a child’s grave, since it identifies the decedent as “Master”. This term is commonly used with children. Like many memorials by Eldren Bailey, this one has been “buried” a few inches into the ground.

Louise Hillman

This Elden Bailey-produced memorial was sold through Atlanta’s Haugabrooks Funeral Home.

Deacon Lueagon Elbert Moss (1873-1958) and Mariah Moss (1872-1959) + Arthur Moss

The memorial for Deacon & Mrs. Moss is typical of the stenciled concrete markers found in the older sections of the cemetery. Arthur Moss may have been one of their children. His memorial is hand made.

Caroline Barrow ((1850?-1901)

This one of several older commercial marble memorials in the cemetery.

Robert Lee Bennett (1950-1970)

This handmade memorial is bordered with small rocks or pebbles. I believe there was something attached where the hole is now.

Cyrus Howell (1878-1956) Findagrave lists 1874 as the birthdate, but I think that is an error.

Mr. Howell was the oldest deacon at Mt. Zion at the time of his death.

Addie Lawrence (Dates undetermined; Findagrave records it as 1874-1961)

This is another nice example of a vernacular memorial using stencils that adds an extra touch with the impression of a dove. Mrs. Lawrence was a well-loved member of the Mt. Zion community and worked as a midwife for many years. In 1930, with M. C. Lawrence, Mattie Lawrence, M. F. Hillman, A. F. Tucker, R. B. Glover, Cyrus Howell and Lucy Kendrick, she formed a benevolent institution known as the “Band of Faithful Workers”. According to their legal petition filed with the county, the purpose of their institution was “caring for the sick and burial of the dead”.

Ammons Memorials, Jones County

A wooden schoolhouse served the Black community that remained in the Blountsville community, near Haddock, long after the village disappeared in the wake of the Civil War. The school was first known as Stewart Place, and later, Damascus. Damascus was also the name of the church. It is now known as New Damascus Baptist Church and is a large congregation. The large cemetery beside the church is the final resting place of numerous freedmen and their descendants. There are some fieldstone markers scattered about, and otherwise typical gravestones, but the memorials of Isaac R. and Clara Reid Ammons are of particular interest as vernacular landmarks. Isaac and Clara were born in the first generation after slavery at a time when Blountsville had all but disappeared. They lived well into the 20th century.

Clara Reid Ammons (1877-1950)

Clara’s grave was damaged at some point, as can be seen here, but luckily, someone has repaired it as best they could.

Isaac R. Ammons (1872-1961)

Considering their similarity, it’s likely that the two headstones were created by the same maker.

White Chapel AME Church, 1957, Round Oak

White Chapel AME is an historic congregation near Round Oak. The present building dates to 1957. Though I haven’t been able to locate much history, the church was likely organized by freedmen of the White Plantation in the years following the Civil War. The plantation was established between 1800-1810 by Virginia-born Thomas White, Jr. (1781-1830), and the area, near the Jasper County line, was historically known as White’s District. White’s son, Joseph Clark White (1810-1887) inherited the estate and owned over 3000 acres and 120 enslaved people.

One of those slaves was Caroline “Aunt Ca’line” White (c.1848-1948). My purpose of visiting White Chapel was to document her burial place, but I was unable to locate it. She was well-known by all the people of the Round Oak community and a local newspaper reported at her death: “She was a slave girl on the plantation of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Clark White at the “old White place,” north of Round Oak before the War Between the States. Her husband, Tillman White, died several years ago. She leaves children, Jackson, 83; Mary, 81; Tom, 80; John, 78; Henry, 72; and also seventy grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Her oldest grandchild is 68.

The day before her death Aunt Ca’line threaded her needle, without the aid of glasses, and quilted; she also helped whitewash the fireplace. She always claimed to be part Indian and certainly had many of the characteristics of the Indian, and so do her children. Henry is known as “Red Man,” and although he is 72, is as agile as most men of 58. Aunt Ca’line was thrifty, and always had a garden, chickens and many quilts pieced up.

She became rather deaf in the last few years and her grandchildren persuaded her to stay off the highway, but before that she came to town every day and was as chipper as could be, liked by all, white and colored.

Her obituary also noted that “…she was as much a “rebel” as any southerner could ever be. She always spoke of the “good old days” and says that they were well treated, had everything they needed, and they were all happy, before the Yankees came…” Such statements must be viewed with suspicion today, considering their sources in white-owned newspapers which worked overtime to promote the “happy slaves” narrative, to which few Blacks in the Jim Crow era would have ever disputed to any White person at the time.

Vernacular Headstones of White Chapel AME

Though I couldn’t locate Mrs. White’s gravestone, I did document a few vernacular memorials, all of relatively recent vintage.

Annie Hutchings (1908-1986)

A family member or someone in the community made this headstone, with a deeply incised cross.

This is one of several headstones with decorative motifs incised on the back side.

These designs may have been made with metal or plastic strips or even fencing. If I recall correctly they date mostly to the 1980s.

Most of the slabs and headstones feature stenciled names, as seen below.

Lue Ella Odom – Better known as Mrs. Doll

No birth or death dates were given on Mrs. Doll’s memorial.

Evergreen Cemetery Pavilion, 1920s, Fitzgerald

The Victorian aesthetic of the cemetery as a public park was falling out of fashion by the time Evergreen Cemetery was established, but Fitzgerald embraced the ideal, planting trees and shrubs to enhance the landscape. Part of the park concept often included pavilions for public remembrances. Such remembrances were commonplace in the years just after World War I, when this Craftsman-inspired structure was built. At the time, Evergreen was a much smaller cemetery than it is today, and funeral services were sometimes held here, as well.

N. J. Trammell, Sexton of Evergreen Cemetery, at the new pavilion, circa 1924. Albumen print on cabinet card. Note the absence of the louvered sides. Collection of Brian Brown.

I inherited this photograph of the newly built pavilion from the daughter of the man standing beside it. They were distant cousins of mine. Needham John Trammell (1863-1938) was the sexton of Evergreen Cemetery during the 1910s and 1920s and he was charged with its upkeep and the recording of burials. I believe the photograph was made in 1924 (it’s one of several), but will have to locate more paperwork to confirm a specific date. I’ll update when I do.

Sexton’s Monthly Report of Burials in Evergreen Cemetery for the The City of Fitzgerald, 1922. Collection of Brian Brown.

I also have several volumes of his sexton’s monthly reports, covering most of the 1920s. This page indicates there were only two burials in April 1922.

As the preceding vintage photograph illustrates, the pavilion didn’t have the louvered sides when built. They were added for shade, no doubt.

The pavilion continues to be well-maintained and has become a symbol of Evergreen Cemetery over the years.

Jones Creek Black Cemetery & Baptistry, Circa 1855, Long County

In 1855, Sheldon Madison Chapman, Sr. (1829-1911), gave four acres of land for a burying ground for the enslaved members of Jones Creek Baptist Church, and a section along the creek for use as a baptistry for all members. Chapman was one of the most prominent citizens of Jones Creek, having served, like his father, as postmaster of the community. Though originally located in Liberty County, Jones Creek was the earliest and largest settlement in present-day Long County.

There are many unmarked burials in the Jones Creek Black Cemetery, most of them likely dating to the days of slavery, but in contrast, the existing monuments and memorials are of commercial manufacture, indicating a prosperous congregation at a time when that would have been unusual.

One can deduce that the site it is known as Jones Creek Black Cemetery because its earliest burials were the enslaved people who attended Jones Creek Baptist Church with their White enslavers. Since circa 1878, however, it has been the de facto burying ground for St. Thomas Missionary Baptist Church.

Rev. March Hughes (Circa 1829-1903) + Peggy Hughes (Circa 1820-death date unknown)

March Hughes was granted a letter that he may minister to a flock of his choice in the 1870s, when many Black congregations were forming their own churches. He preached his own ordination service on 24 August 1878 and established St. Thomas Baptist Church (now known as St. Thomas Missionary Baptist Church) for the freedmen of Jones Creek Baptist Church. He was licensed as a preacher on 26 January 1884. When he died in 1903, Rev. Hughes was the most influential Black man in the Jones Creek community. Those who maintain this cemetery have proposed renaming it the March Hughes Cemetery in his honor. [This history comes from plaques at the site and from Mike McCall via the late Christine Welcome, a longtime member of St. Thomas.]

F. Baker, Jr. (3 January 1897-6 September 1929)

Mr. Baker was a member of the the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. The W. W. V. initials at the bottom of the headstone stand for “World War Veteran”, World War I in this case.

Martha Snider (Birth and death dates unknown)

Little is known of Martha Snider, but she was 96 years old when she died.

A. L. Baker (9 June 1895-5 June 1929)

Mr. Baker was a World War I Veteran and Mason.

Alford Watkins (1861-5 February 1911)

Watkins was a Mason.

Daughter of Mr. & Mrs. G. H. Stokes (9 March-1920-26 October 1926)

The memorials for the two young children of Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Stokes are vernacular in design, unlike most of the other memorials in the Jones Creek Black Cemetery.

Son of Mr. & Mrs. G. H. Stokes (11 October 1925-27 July 1933)

It’s unusual that the Stokes children are not named, but simply listed as “daughter” and “son”.

Jasper Baggs (August 1873-15 February 1925)

Jasper Baggs was a laborer, according to his death certificate.

Patsy Baggs (15 October 1947-31 May 1931)

Patsy Baggs’s death certificate listed her occupation as “house work” and “keeping house”. This was a common form of employment for Black women in the Jim Crow era.

The Baggs family was quite prolific and many members are buried in this enclosure near the back of the cemetery.

Roy E. Baggs (4 April 1888-28 April 1911)

The initials F.L.T. (Friendship, Truth, and Love) at the top of the marker indicate that Mr. Baggs was a member of the Odd Fellows.

James E. Baggs, Sr. (22 October 1892-17 November 1963)

Mr. Baggs was one of several members of St. Thomas who served in World War I. He was a corporal in the Army. I hope to learn more about his service.

Coda L. Baggs (1852-1935)

I presume the name to be Coda.

Fraulein Baggs Smith (1905-1923)

Fraulein is an unusual name. It’s my favorite in this cemetery.

This open lane follows the bank of Jones Creek and is adjacent to the traditional site of baptisms for Black congregants. A reconstruction of the old dressing room for baptisms is visible at right. In the distance is the White cemetery and the historic Jones Creek Baptist Church.

Immersion baptism was common among churches of both races in the rural South well into the 20th century, and is still practiced by some.

According to church records, “the last time we used the water of Jones Creek was April 23, 1995…”

Dixon Cemetery, Ben Hill County

Dixon Cemetery in Ben Hill County is notable, due to its large number of extant fieldstone grave markers and gravesites that incorporate commercial sculpted stone elements.

It is identified on Findagrave as Dixon Cemetery #1, to distinguish it from another Dixon Cemetery (#2) in the Queensland community. There is also a Dickson Cemetery, near Ashton.

Fieldstones and other available natural stones are among the earliest forms of grave marking throughout the world and are quite common in Georgia.

It’s less common, however, to find them in great numbers in any one cemetery and in more modern cemeteries they often get pushed over and lost among newer markers.

The markers at Dixon Cemetery are sandstone, or a similar soft stone, and therefore are most threatened by erosion. Marble and granite markers in North Georgia have a greater likelihood of long-term survival.

Since the stones lack any identifying elements of the decedents they memorialize, they present a real challenge to genealogists and family members trying to locate burials. The decedent may be associated with a particular stone from one generation to the next, but this information is usually lost to later generations.

In addition to the fieldstones, there are three other gravesites which make use of commercial sculpted stone. This stand-alone marker was probably co-opted from the coping used around the gravesite seen in the next photograph.

Rev. W. M. Bailey (1835-1903)

Though they are dependent on manufactured material, the effect is vernacular.

The “white bronze” Taylor grave marker, better known as a “zinky”, seems out of place in Dixon Cemetery, though these were sold nationally through agents of the Monumental Bronze Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut and can be found throughout America. This particular example has rusted over the years.

George W. Taylor grave marker.

Commercial markers are present, as well.

Of the identified burials in this cemetery (the earliest dating to 1900), there are a few more Walkers than Dixons, but I believe the earliest burials are those marked by fieldstones, which likely have a connection to the Dixon family. The Walker and Dixon families were also related.

Riley Family Memorial, Talbotton

Martha Riley; May Lue Riley; Oscar Riley; Robert Riley; and Eucie Riley. Gone But Not Forgotten.

This extraordinary vernacular memorial marks the burial place of members of the Riley family of Talbotton, in Smith Hill Cemetery. Smith Hill is perhaps the oldest municipal Black cemetery in Talbotton, a town which before the Civil War was essentially a network of plantations. As a result, the final resting places of the enslaved who toiled on those plantations are generally unknown. Smith Hill may have had origins as a plantation cemetery but it grew into the de facto burying ground for the Black community. It quickly descends into a ravine and marked graves are scattered in all directions. Varying styles, from plain to Victorian, are present. The earliest marked burial dates to the 1870s, but there are scores of unmarked graves in Smith Hill.

I chose this memorial to represent the cemetery for its obvious artistic merit, but also to illustrate the difficulty which faces genealogists and historians in documenting the lives of a population that was traditionally left out of the broader story of Southern history. The marker, with stenciled names, a marble cross, and folk art flowers, tells us someone cared about these people, but beyond that, there lives are a mystery. James Riley (1923-1955) and Rose Riley (?-1978) are represented by ledger stones nearby, so they were related. Perhaps the names on this memorial were earlier members of their family who wanted to make sure their names were not forgotten.